from copy import copy
from django.core.cache import cache


class Cacheable(object):
    '''A higher level API for caching results of callables.

    This class provides a simple API for caching and retrieving transparently
    the result of a call using Django's cache, as well as (re)setting and
    deleting the cached value.

    In addition to being themselves callable, ``Cacheable`` instances are
    non-data descriptors and work seamlessly as methods.

    Example::

        class Foo(object):
            @Cacheable.decorate(key='bar_{1}')
            def bar(self, x):
                print('Computing bar(%s)..' % x)
                return x*x

        >>> foo = Foo()
        >>> foo.bar(4)
        Computing bar(4)..
        16
        >>> foo.bar(4)              # result is now cached
        16
        >>> foo.bar.delete_cache(4) # delete the cache for this param
        >>> foo.bar(4)              # recompute (and cache) it
        Computing bar(4)..
        16
    '''

    def __init__(self, func, key, timeout=None):
        '''Initializes a cacheable wrapper of ``func``.

        :param func: The callable to be wrapped. It may take any number of
            positional and/or keywords arguments.
        :param key: Specifies how to determine the cache key for a given
            ``func(*args, **kwds)`` call; it can be:

            - A callable: The cache key is computed as ``key(*args, **kwds)``.
              Obviously ``key`` must have the same (or compatible) signature
              with ``func``.
            - A string: A format string in PEP 3101 syntax. The cache key is
              determined as ``key.format(*args, **kwds)``.
        :param timeout: If given, that timeout will be used for the key;
            otherwise the default cache timeout will be used.
        '''
        self._func = func
        self._timeout = timeout
        self._obj = None    # for bound methods' im_self object
        if callable(key):
            self._key = key
        elif isinstance(key, basestring):
            self._key = key.format
        else:
            raise TypeError('%s keys are invalid' % key.__class__.__name__)


    @classmethod
    def decorate(cls, *args, **kwds):
        '''A decorator for wrapping a callable into a :class:`Cacheable` instance.'''
        return lambda func: cls(func, *args, **kwds)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
        '''Returns the cached result of ``func(*args, **kwds)`` or computes and
        caches it if it's not already cached.

        This method alone covers the majority of use cases, allowing clients to
        use ``Cacheable`` instances as plain callables.

        :returns: The cached or computed result.
        '''
        if self._obj is not None:
            args = (self._obj,) + args
        key = self._key(*args, **kwds)
        value = cache.get(key)
        if value is None:
            value = self._func(*args, **kwds)
            cache.set(key, value, timeout=self._timeout)
        return value

    def set_cache(self, *args, **kwds):
        '''Computes ``func(*args, **kwds)`` and stores it in the cache.

        Unlike :meth:`__call__`, this method sets the cache unconditionally,
        without checking first if a key corresponding to a call with the same
        parameters already exists.

        :returns: The newly computed (and cached) result.
        '''
        if self._obj is not None:
            args = (self._obj,) + args
        key = self._key(*args, **kwds)
        value = self._func(*args, **kwds)
        cache.set(key, value, timeout=self._timeout)
        return value

    def delete_cache(self, *args, **kwds):
        '''Deletes the cached result (if any) corresponding to a call with
        ``args`` and ``kwds``.
        '''
        cache.delete(self.get_cache_key(*args, **kwds))

    def get_cache_key(self, *args, **kwds):
        '''Returns the cache key corresponding to a call with ``args`` and ``kwds``.

        This is mainly for debugging and for interfacing with external services;
        clients of this class normally don't need to deal with cache keys explicitly.
        '''
        if self._obj is not None:
            return self._key(self._obj, *args, **kwds)
        return self._key(*args, **kwds)

    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        if obj is None:
            return self
        new = copy(self)
        new._obj = obj
        return new


class CacheableProperty(property, Cacheable):
    '''A :class:`Cacheable` that is also a property.

    Example::

        class Foo(object):
            @CacheableProperty.decorate(key='bar_{0}')
            def bar(self):
                print('Computing bar()..')
                return 42

        >>> foo = Foo()
        >>> foo.bar       # just like a regular property
        Computing bar()..
        42
        >>> foo.bar       # result is now cached
        42
        >>> # Cacheable methods are available through the class
        >>> Foo.bar.delete_cache(foo)
        >>> foo.bar
        Computing bar()..
        42
    '''

    def __init__(self, func, key, timeout=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None):
        Cacheable.__init__(self, func, key, timeout=timeout)
        property.__init__(self, fget=self.__call__, fset=fset, fdel=fdel)
        self.__doc__ = doc or getattr(func, '__doc__', None)